An Office Holder Who Cannot or Will Not Run for Office Again Is Called a(N)
The incumbent is the current holder of an function or position, normally in relation to an election. For example, in an election for president, the incumbent is the person property or acting in the role of president before the election, whether seeking re-election or not. In some situations, there may not be an incumbent at time of an election for that office or position (for example, when a new electoral segmentation is created), in which example the office or position is regarded as vacant or open. In the Usa, an election without an incumbent is referred to as an open seat or open contest.
Etymology
The word "incumbent" is derived from the Latin verb incumbere, literally significant "to lean or lay upon" with the nowadays participle stem incumbent-, "leaning a variant of encumber, [ane] while encumber is derived from the root cumber,[2] nearly accordingly defined: "To occupy obstructively or inconveniently; to cake fill up upward with what hinders freedom of motion or action; to burden, load."[three]
Incumbency reward
In full general, an incumbent has a political advantage over challengers at elections. Except when the timing of elections is determined by a constitution or by legislation, the incumbent may have the right to determine the date of an ballot.
For about political offices, the incumbent often has more name recognition due to their previous work in the role. Incumbents also accept easier access to campaign finance, too every bit government resources (such every bit the franking privilege) that can be indirectly used to boost the incumbent's re-ballot campaign.
In the Usa, an election (peculiarly for a single-member constituency in a legislature) in which an incumbent is non seeking re-election is often called an open seat; considering of the lack of incumbency reward, these are oftentimes amongst the nigh hotly contested races in any election.[ citation needed ] Too, an open up competition is created when the term of function is limited, equally in the case of terms of the U.S. president being restricted to ii four-year terms, and the incumbent is prohibited from recontesting.
When newcomers await to fill an open office, voters tend to compare and contrast the candidates' qualifications, positions on political issues, and personal characteristics in a relatively straightforward way. Elections featuring an incumbent, on the other manus, are, as Guy Molyneux puts information technology, "fundamentally a referendum on the incumbent."[iv] Voters will first grapple with the record of the incumbent. Only if they decide to "burn down" the incumbent do they begin to evaluate whether each of the challengers is an acceptable alternative.
A 2022 study in the British Journal of Political Science argues that the incumbency advantage stems from the fact that voters evaluate the incumbent's credo individually whereas they assume that any challenger shares his party's ideology.[five] This means that the incumbency advantage gets more significant as political polarization increases.[5] A 2022 written report in the Journal of Politics found that incumbents have "a far larger reward" in on-cycle elections than in off-cycle elections.[half-dozen]
Business usage
In relation to business operations and contest, an incumbent supplier is ordinarily the supplier who currently supplies the needs of a customer and therefore has an advantageous position in relation to maintaining this role or like-minded a new contract in comparison with competing businesses.[7]
Sophomore surge
Political analysts in the United States and United Kingdom take noted the being of a sophomore surge (not known as such in the Great britain) in which first term representatives see an increase in votes in their first ballot. This phenomenon is said to bring an advantage of upwards to 10% for commencement term representatives, which increases the incumbency reward.
Anti-incumbency
Nonetheless, there exist scenarios in which the incumbency factor itself leads to the downfall of the incumbent. Popularly known as the anti-incumbency factor, situations of this kind occur when the incumbent has proven themself not worthy of office during his tenure and the challengers demonstrate this to the voters. An anti-incumbency gene can also exist responsible for bringing down incumbents who have been in office for many successive terms despite performance indicators, simply because the voters are convinced past the challengers of a need for modify. Information technology is likewise argued that the holders of extensively powerful offices are subject field to immense pressure which leaves them politically impotent and unable to command enough public conviction for re-ballot; such is the case, for instance, with the Presidency of France.[8] Voters who experience the negative economic shock of a loss of income are less probable to vote for an incumbent candidate than those who have not experienced such a shock.[ix]
Nick Panagakis, a pollster, coined what he dubbed the incumbent dominion in 1989—that any voter who claims to exist undecided towards the end of the election will probably end up voting for a challenger.[10]
In France, the phenomenon is known by the catchphrase "Sortez les sortants" (get out the outgoing [representatives]!) which was the slogan of the Poujadist movement in the 1956 French legislative election.
See also
- Sophomore surge
- Lists of office-holders
- List of current heads of state and government
- Outgoing politician
- List of presidents who did not win reelection
- Virtual incumbent
References
- ^ OED (1989), p. 834
- ^ OED (1989), p. 218
- ^ OED (1989), p. 124
- ^ Guy Molyneux, The Big Five-Oh, The American Prospect, i October 2004.
- ^ a b Peskowitz, Zachary (2017-05-01). "Ideological Signaling and Incumbency Advantage". British Journal of Political Science. 49 (two): 467–490. doi:10.1017/S0007123416000557. ISSN 0007-1234. S2CID 157292602.
- ^ de Benedictis-Kessner, Justin (2017-12-07). "Off-Cycle and Out of Office: Election Timing and the Incumbency Reward". The Journal of Politics. 80: 119–132. doi:x.1086/694396. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 222440248.
- ^ Chen, J., Incumbent, Investopedia, updated 27 January 2021, accessed 20 March 2021
- ^ Robert Tombs (May 2, 2017). "France's Presidency Is Also Powerful to Work". Polling Written report. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
- ^ Margalit, Yotam (2019-05-eleven). "Political Responses to Economical Shocks". Almanac Review of Political Science. 22 (1): 277–295. doi:x.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-110713. ISSN 1094-2939.
- ^ Nick Panagakis (Feb 27, 1989). "Incumbent Rule". Polling Report. Retrieved Feb v, 2016.
Sources
- Oxford English language Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. Print.
Further reading
 | Look up incumbent in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- De Magalhaes, 50. (2015). Incumbency effects in a comparative perspective: Evidence from Brazilian mayoral elections. Political Analysis, 23(1), 113–126.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent
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